BUDDHISM IN THE WESTERN WORLD
The Buddha lived in India in the 6th century before Christ. This was an age of intense intd-lectual and social activity in many parts of the world. A time of religious unrest, a time of experimentation, of bold investigation and high achievement in the realm of man's thought. The appearance of religious teachers and sages in the East and West, during this period was almost contemporaneous. It was the golden era or the peak period in the history of religions. History had witnessed radical changes in social and religious conditions in Greece and Rome. During this century, while Heraklitos was teaching the "Panta Rhei" doctrine or the flux theory, at Athens, Pythagoras was conducting his famous school.
In China there was Lao Tsu where his teachings, later became known as Taoism or "The Way of Nature", inspired some of China's finest minds. Confucious who appeared in the middle of the 6th century, established an ethical system based on the ancient customs and traditions of China, and his teachings became known as Confucianism (550-479 B.C.). In Persia, Modern Iran, there was Zarathustra or Zoroaster as the Greeks termed him. Purity of thought, speech and deed constitute the pivotal doctrine of Zarathustra. In India, in the beginning of the 6th century, Mahavira, better known in Pali Canon of the Buddhists, as Niganta Nata Putta, was the exponent of Jainism which enjoins strict asceticism and alumna Of boundless compassion, and proclaims the karma doctrine and the transmigration of souls.
The Buddha Gotama was a contemporary of Jama Muhavira. He walked the highways and by-ways of India instructing, enlightening, and gladdening the many, and his teachings is now known as Buddhism. The Buddha himself called his teachings "Dhammavinaya", the doctrine and discipline.
Some prefer to call Buddhism a religion, Others call it a philosophy, still others think of it as both religion and philosophy. It may be called a religion, but not in the sense the word religion is understood in atheistic religions, for in Buddhism there is no "belief in, reverence for, and desire to please a divine ruling power. No higher unseen power as having control of man's destiny".' Buddhism is atheistic in the sense of denying a Creator God, but that does not mean that Buddhism is void of spiritual feelings. For the Buddha there is no philosophy without practice. He denounces mere speculative reasoning, theoretical structures, and the mere acquisition and storage of knowledge. It may be more correct to call Buddhism a "Way of Life". But that does not mean that Buddhism is nothing more than an ethical code. It is a way of moral, spiritual and intellectual training leading to complete freedom of mind, supreme release from bondage.
Buddhism is the most ethical of religio-philosophical systems known to man. Referring to the ethical teaching of the Buddha, a stern critic like the late Albert Schweitzer wrote. "In this sphere he gave expression to truths of everlasting value and advanced the ethics not of India alone but of humanity. He was one of the greatest ethical men of genius ever bestowed upon the world. The creator of the ethic of inner perfection.
Any account of Buddhism and its spread must inevitably vast expanses both of time and space. It is the story of a movement which had very small beginnings. With only a few fol lowers at the beginning, it grew gradually to encompass the world influencing the destinies of over six-hundred millions, almost one-fourth of the whole human race. In time it covers more than 2,500 years. Buddhism made such rapid strides chiefly due to its intrinsic worth and its appeal to the reasoning mind; but there are other factors that aided its progress. Never did the Dharmadutas, the messengers of the Dharma, use any iniquitous methods of spreading the doctrine. Buddhism penetrated to other countries peaceably without disturbing the creeds that were already there. Buddhist missions were carried on neither by force of arms nor by the use of any coercive or reprehensible methods. Conversion by compulsion was unknown and repugnant to the Buddha and his disciples.
Rev. Joseph Wain remarks: "Buddhism taught a life not by rule, but by principle, a life of beauty, and as a consequence, it was a religion of tolerance. It was the most, charitable system under the sun. Never and nowhere had blood been shed for its propagation. It has never persecuted or maltreated those whose beliefs were different—a lesson that Christianity has yet to learn. The Buddha taught man to beautify the today and to sanctify the now."
Professor Rhys Davids wrote: "There is no record known to me in the whole of the long history of Buddhism throughout the many centuries where his followers have been for such lengthened periods supreme, of any persecution by the Buddhists of the followers of any faith,"
Buddhism was thus able to diffuse itself through a great variety of cultures throughout the world. Buddhism which had its origin in the valley of the Ganges was propagated first by the Buddha himself and his Arahat disciples. During the first 200 years of its history, Buddhism was confined, more or less to the northern part of the Indian peninsula. Then came Asoka, unique among rulers of the world, who accepted the teachings of the Buddha, and endeavoured to educate the people of the world by spreading that teaching, especially the ethical aspects of it. He caused ethical teachings to be engraved on rock, and they became sermons on stones, not metaphorically but actually. Asoka was imbued with that great spirit of tolerance preached by the Buddha, and under his reign all other religions enjoyed absolute freedom without let or hindrance.
Realizing the immense benefit that humanity would derive from a teaching of compassion and wisdom like that of the Buddha, Asoka made all endeavours to spread the teachings of the Buddha outside India. There were disciples of the Buddha who followed their Master's injunction: "Go now and wander for the welfare and happiness of gods and men, and proclaim the life of purity." These monks were ready to undertake any mission abroad, though contact and communication in those days was most difficult and travel was full of peril. Aided by Asoka's unceasing missionary zeal and the effort, determination and courage of the Dharmadutas, messengers of the Dhamma, Buddhism spread to other countries. Asoka's record speaks of missions sent to the Hellenistic kingdoms of Asia, Africa and
Europe—to Syria and Egypt; Cyrcne, Macedonia and Epirus, to Bactria and through central Asia to China.
It was during Asoka's time, 236 years after the passing away of the Buddha, that his own son Mahinda, the Arahat sage, introduced Buddhism to Ceylon where it flourishes even today, almost in its pristine purity after the vicissitudes of over twenty centuries. From Ceylon Buddhism spread to Burma and Siam, modern Thailand, and thence to Indo-China, and Annam. It was established in Tibet, spread to Nepal, Mongolia, and gained a firm foothold in China. Thence it penetrated to Korea, and was transmitted to Japan through the sea-route. It also spread to Java and flourished in Sumatra during the Sri Vijaya dynasty. Thus Buddhism expanded beyond the boundaries of India and became a world religion.
The history of Buddhism cannot be separated from the history of Eastern culture and Eastern society. Of all the influences that moulded the culture of Asia, Buddhism was the most profound. For more than 2,500 years Buddhist principles and ideals have coloured the thoughts and feelings of the people of the East.
The relationship between Buddhism and the Western world goes back to a period before the Christian era. It can safely be said that the relationship between Buddhism and the Western world existed even before the birth of Jesus. History tells us of an invasion of India by Alexander the Great of Greece in the 4th century before Christ. Although the empire he founded soon faded away, and by 317 B.C. traces of Greek rule had vanished, it was an event that certainly brought about closer connection between the two countries, and that eternal separation between East-West that Rudyard Kipling sang of, had virtually disappeared. And there is no doubt that Indian culture together with Buddhist thought were transmitted to Greece by those Greek intellectuals who visited India from time to time and that Alexander himself inspired by Buddhist thought help ed spread the teachings of the Buddha. As already mention ed Asoka's missions entered some of the territories of Greece with the message of the Buddha. Modern discoveries have proved that Asokan edicts were written not only in an Indian language in Brahmi characters, but in Greek and Aramaic (the language which Jesus spoke), indicating that the Greeks and Semitic races were interested in the words of the Buddha which were engraved on rocks by Asoka.
The Europeans, however, had glimpses of Buddhism when travellers and especially Christian missionaries sailed to the East from the 16th century. Of course, from these missionaries who went to the East to teach and "civilize" the Asians, and remove paganism from them, we cannot expect unbiassed and authentic representations but distorted and misinterpreted versions of the clear-worded expositions of the Buddha. This is abundantly clear from the writings on Buddhism by the missionaries of the past. The general impression created was that Buddhism was a primitive religion of idol worship. Even today the errors are not remedied but followed to the very letter by some modern missionaries. It must, however, be mentioned that some Christian missionaries made valuable contributions to the knowledge of Buddhism in the 19th and early 20th centuries.
by the Venerable Piyadassi Thero
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